Trend in childhood obesity reflects socioeconomic status in Argentina.

Background: Surveillance of childhood obesity is essential to guide preventive policies and interventions.Aim: To analyse trends in overweight and obesity by socioeconomic status (SES) in Argentinian schoolchildren during the last decade.Subjects and methods: Two cross-sectional studies in schoolchildren aged 6-12 years were compared. The first study was conducted in 2005/07 (n = 1418) and the second one in 2015/16 (n = 1366). Overweight and obesity were estimated by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs. The type of school (public/private) and parental education level were used as measures of SES. Data were analysed by linear and logistic regression with survey year, type of school, parental education level, and sex as independent variables.Results: From 2005 to 2016 overweight and obesity increased by 7.3% and 5.0%, respectively. The change was significantly higher in boys (9.6% and 8.3%) and girls (9.6% and 5.4%) from public schools, and in children whose fathers had low (10% and 8.3%) and middle (9.0% and 5.5%) education levels. No significant changes were found in children attending private school or those whose fathers had a higher education level.Conclusions: Obesity is still increasing in this population. SES disparities are strongly associated with this trend, with stabilisation in children from high SES.

Estudio cuali-cuantitativo del estado nutricional y la alimentación en niños de 1 a 3 años de familias de bajos recursos en dos grupos poblacionales con diferentes actividades productivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina), 2007-2008 / Quali-quantitative study of nutritional status and eating patterns in children aged 1-3 years from low-income families in two population groups with different productive activities (Buenos Aires, Argentina), 2007-2008

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es describir el estado nutricional y los patrones de alimentación de niños de 1 a 3 años de familias de bajos recursos, que residen en dos áreas con diferentes actividades productivas: producción primaria y de bienes y servicios. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, con metodología cuali-cuantitativa; se evaluó el estado nutricional antropométrico y bioquímico, ingesta alimentaria, características económicas y sociodemográficas, prácticas alimentarias y representaciones. Los resultados muestran que los niños del área de producción primaria presentaron menor prevalencia de anemia y deficiencia de hierro. Asimismo tuvieron un consumo superior de energía, calcio, zinc, vitamina A y proteínas y una mayor diversidad y calidad en el consumo de alimentos. Podemos concluir que el contexto geográfico de las familias que residen cerca de fuentes de producción primaria favorecería la interacción con individuos ajenos a la familia, ampliando la red social informal y el acceso a alimentos de mejor calidad nutricional.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to describe the nutritional status and eating patterns of children aged 1-3 years from low-income families who reside in areas with different productive activities: primary production and production of goods and services. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with a qualitative and quantitative methodology, evaluating anthropometric and biochemical nutritional status, food intake, economic and demographic characteristics, dietary practices and representations. The results show that children from areas of primary production had a lower prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency. They also had a higher consumption of energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin A and protein and a greater diversity and quality in food consumption. We can conclude that the geographical context of families closer to sources of primary production favors interaction with individuals outside of the family, expanding both the informal social network and access to better quality nutritional food.

Anemia in Children Aged Four to Eight from a Semirural Community in Central East Area of Argentina.

We present the results of the first stage of the Program for the Control of Intestinal Parasitosis and Nutrition, analyzing the frequency of anemia and its relation with intestinal parasitic infections and socio-cultural and environmental factors present in school children from a semirural community of Argentina. A total of 123 children aged 4-8 years were interviewed; 93 (75.6%) of them showed up for blood extraction and a fecal sample was taken properly. The frequency of anemia was 33.3%; 45.0% in children aged 4-5 years and 24.5% in those aged 6-8 years (p=0.038). Intestinal parasites were found in 83.9% of the children; 75.0% in children aged 4-5 years and 90.6% in those aged 6-8 years (p=0.043). No statistical differences were found when relating parasitic infections, social/cultural variables and housing characteristic with anemia, probably of nutritional origin. This study reveals the coexistence of anemia and parasitic infections in apparently healthy children who were unnoticed by the conventional public health system.

[Quali-quantitative study of nutritional status and eating patterns in children aged 1-3 years from low-income families in two population groups with different productive activities (Buenos Aires, Argentina), 2007-2008]. / Estudio cuali-cuantitativo del estado nutricional y la alimentación en niños de 1 a 3 años de familias de bajos recursos en dos grupos poblacionales con diferentes actividades productivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina), 2007-2008.

The aim of this article is to describe the nutritional status and eating patterns of children aged 1-3 years from low-income families who reside in areas with different productive activities: primary production and production of goods and services. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with a qualitative and quantitative methodology, evaluating anthropometric and biochemical nutritional status, food intake, economic and demographic characteristics, dietary practices and representations. The results show that children from areas of primary production had a lower prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency. They also had a higher consumption of energy, calcium, zinc, vitamin A and protein and a greater diversity and quality in food consumption. We can conclude that the geographical context of families closer to sources of primary production favors interaction with individuals outside of the family, expanding both the informal social network and access to better quality nutritional food.

Weight and height centiles of Argentinian children and adolescents: a comparison with WHO and national growth references.

BACKGROUND: Studies in several countries comparing the performance of WHO references and their own national growth standards reported differences that could affect screening and growth monitoring. AIM: To estimate weight and height centiles on a sample of Argentinian children and adolescents and compare selected centiles with WHO and national growth references. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional school survey was conducted on 6239 boys and girls aged 5-18. Data were collected between 2005-2009 in Santa Rosa, Argentina. Smoothed weight and height centiles were estimated by the LMS method and compared with WHO 2007 and Argentinian (ARG) growth references. RESULTS: Weight centiles were higher than those of WHO and ARG. Height centiles were above the ARG and below the WHO ones. The greatest differences with ARG were seen before puberty and then declined up to age 18. In contrast, differences with WHO increased from puberty onwards. CONCLUSION: Compared with the ARG reference, linear growth of these schoolchildren shows a secular acceleration without substantial improvements in the adult height. In relation to WHO, the results suggest that around the adolescent growth spurt differences in linear growth between populations became larger, limiting the clinical usefulness of international growth references in adolescents.

Nutritional status in parasitized and nonparasitized children from two districts of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

UNLABELLED: The Program for the Control of Intestinal Parasites and Nutrition was designed to intervene in small communities to prevent and control the effects of parasitic infections on children's health. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between nutritional status and parasitic infection in suburban and rural children from Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric (weight, height, BMI, skinfolds, upper arm circumference, muscle, and fat upper arm areas) and biochemical (Hb, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu) indicators. Parasitological analysis were made on both serial stool and perianal swab samples. A total of 708 children aged 3-11 were measured. The biochemical analysis included 217 blood samples and the parasitological study included 284 samples. RESULTS: Anthropometric status was similar in both settings with low rates of underweight and stunting (<6%), and high rates of overweight (~17%) and obesity (~12%). Ca deficiency was significantly higher in suburban children where 80% of them were hypocalcemic. Around 70% of fecal samples contained parasites. Among infected children, the most prevalent species were Blastocystis hominis and Enterobius vermicularis (~43%) followed by Giardia lamblia (~17%). Differences in parasitological status between districts were not significant. In the suburban district parasitized children were lighter, shorter, and had a lower upper arm circumference than their non-infected peers. No differences in anthropometric status were seen among infected and uninfected rural children. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an association between intestinal parasites and physical growth in suburban children. Rural children seem to be protected against the effects of parasitic infection.

Prenatal lead exposure and relationship with maternal exposure determinants in a public maternity hospital of La Plata, Argentina.

Prenatal lead exposure is a health hazard that may cause cognitive development impairments and other adverse effects in children. We conducted a cross sectional study analyzing cord blood lead levels (CBLL) of newborns and their relationship with maternal determinants of lead exposure. Mothers answered a questionnaire about socio-demographic, lifestyle habits and environmental characteristics. We used Mann-Whitney's test to compare CBLL geometrical means (GM) corresponding to the presence or absence of each lead exposure determinant, and Chi square test to study the relationship between CBLL and maternal lead exposure determinants. A total of 159 newborns participated in the study. CBLL GM was 2.1 µg/dL; and 25% of the participants had a measurable CBLL (LOQ=3.3 µg/dl). Although the participants had several determinants of lead exposure, we only found a significant relationship with inside household determinants, such as presence of lead piping (p=0.026), unplastered walls (p=0.046) and peeling paint (p=0.048). Our results show that CBLL GM was similar to that reported in several studies conducted around the world. However, 25% of the participants might have some degree of risk for lead poisoning.

Short-term evaluation of the impact of a fortified food aid program on the micronutrient nutritional status of Argentinian pregnant women.

We studied the impact of a food supplementation program (Plan Más Vida (PMV)) on the micronutrient nutritional condition of pregnant women from low-income families 1 year after its implementation. The food program provided supplementary diet (wheat and maize--fortified flour, rice or sugar, and fortified soup). We performed a prospective, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, evaluating pregnant women at baseline (n = 164) and 1 year after PMV implementation (n = 108). Biochemical tests (hemogram, ferritin, vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid), anthropometric assessments (weight and height), and dietary surveys (24 h recall) were performed at the two study points. One year after PMV implementation, no significant changes in anthropometric values were observed. Folic acid deficiency and the risk of vitamin A deficiency (retinol, 20-30 µg/dl) decreased significantly (35.8 to 6.1 % and 64 to 41 %, respectively; p < 0.000). Anemia and prevalence of iron and zinc deficiency values did not change. Diet survey results showed that although nutrient intake increased significantly, it was still below recommendations. Implementation of the PMV and of the government nutritional strategies had a high impact on the prevalence of folic acid deficiency. We also observed a decrease in the risk of vitamin A deficiency, and no impact on iron and zinc nutritional status. Adherence to the specific fortified food (soup) was not good and intra-family dilution and distribution of food was high.

Nutritional status of school-aged children and its relation to blood pressure.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To establish an association between the nutritional status of 6-10 year old boys and girls and blood pressure. POPULATION AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 6-10 year old schoolboys and schoolgirls. Outcome measures and indicators studied included nutritional status as per body mass index; presence of central fat mass distribution estimated by waist circumference; and blood pressure (height, age and gender tables). Differences in mean values were analyzed using a Student's t test. The relationship between outcome measures was estimated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Linear regression models were adjusted for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure using the following explanatory outcome measures: z scores for body mass index, age, gender and waist circumference. RESULTS: Five hundred and fifty five male and female children were evaluated; they were all younger than 11 years old. A total of 26.3% was overweight and 15.1% was obese. The prevalence of hypertension was 1.08%. Results show a positive linear relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and age and waist circumference, and a trend is observed between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score (p = 0.068). CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity were the most common nutritional disorders in schoolaged children in the studied district; there is an association between age, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score.

Nutritional status of school-aged children and its relation to blood pressure / El estado nutricional de niños escolares y su relación con la tensión arterial

Introduction. Obesity is associated with a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Objective. To establish an association between the nutritional status of 6-10 year old boys and girls and blood pressure. Population and Methods. A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 6-10 year old schoolboys and schoolgirls. Outcome measures and indicators studied included nutritional status as per body mass index; presence of central fat mass distribution estimated by waist circumference; and blood pressure (height, age and gender tables). Differences in mean values were analyzed using a Student's t test. The relationship between outcome measures was estimated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Linear regression models were adjusted for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure using the following explanatory outcome measures: z scores for body mass index, age, gender and waist circumference. Results: Five hundred and fifty five male and female children were evaluated; they were all younger than 11 years old. A total of 26.3% was overweight and 15.1% was obese. The prevalence of hypertension was 1.08%. Results show a positive linear relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and age and waist circumference, and a trend is observed between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score (p= 0.068). Conclusion. Overweight and obesity were the most common nutritional disorders in schoolaged children in the studied district; there is an association between age, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score.

Nutritional status of school-aged children and its relation to blood pressure / El estado nutricional de niños escolares y su relación con la tensión arterial

Introduction. Obesity is associated with a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Objective. To establish an association between the nutritional status of 6-10 year old boys and girls and blood pressure. Population and Methods. A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 6-10 year old schoolboys and schoolgirls. Outcome measures and indicators studied included nutritional status as per body mass index; presence of central fat mass distribution estimated by waist circumference; and blood pressure (height, age and gender tables). Differences in mean values were analyzed using a Students t test. The relationship between outcome measures was estimated using Pearsons correlation coefficient. Linear regression models were adjusted for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure using the following explanatory outcome measures: z scores for body mass index, age, gender and waist circumference. Results: Five hundred and fifty five male and female children were evaluated; they were all younger than 11 years old. A total of 26.3% was overweight and 15.1% was obese. The prevalence of hypertension was 1.08%. Results show a positive linear relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and age and waist circumference, and a trend is observed between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score (p= 0.068). Conclusion. Overweight and obesity were the most common nutritional disorders in schoolaged children in the studied district; there is an association between age, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score.(AU)

Nutritional status of school-aged children and its relation to blood pressure. / Nutritional status of school-aged children and its relation to blood pressure.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To establish an association between the nutritional status of 6-10 year old boys and girls and blood pressure. POPULATION AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 6-10 year old schoolboys and schoolgirls. Outcome measures and indicators studied included nutritional status as per body mass index; presence of central fat mass distribution estimated by waist circumference; and blood pressure (height, age and gender tables). Differences in mean values were analyzed using a Students t test. The relationship between outcome measures was estimated using Pearsons correlation coefficient. Linear regression models were adjusted for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure using the following explanatory outcome measures: z scores for body mass index, age, gender and waist circumference. RESULTS: Five hundred and fifty five male and female children were evaluated; they were all younger than 11 years old. A total of 26.3

was overweight and 15.1

was obese. The prevalence of hypertension was 1.08

. Results show a positive linear relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and age and waist circumference, and a trend is observed between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score (p = 0.068). CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity were the most common nutritional disorders in schoolaged children in the studied district; there is an association between age, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and between systolic blood pressure and the body mass index z score.

Evaluation of the impact of a food program on the micronutrient nutritional status of Argentinean lactating mothers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a food aid program (Plan Más Vida, PMV) on the micronutrient nutritional condition of lactating mothers 1 year after its implementation. The food program provided supplementary diets (wheat- and maize-fortified flour, rice or sugar, and fortified soup) to low-income families from the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. A prospective, non-experimental study was carried out to evaluate the micronutrient nutritional status of lactating mothers (n = 178 at baseline and n = 151 after 1 year). Biochemical tests (hemoglobin, ferritin, zinc, vitamin A, and folic acid), anthropometric assessments (weight and height) and dietary surveys (24-h recall) were performed. We found no significant changes in anthropometric values 1 year after the intervention. The risk for vitamin A (retinol 20-30 µg/dl) and folate deficiency significantly decreased 1 year after PMV implementation (56.3 vs. 29.9 and 50.3 vs. 3.4 %, respectively; p < 0.001). Anemia was seen in 25.8 % of lactating mothers at baseline, without statistically significant differences 1 year after (p = 0.439). The nutritional data obtained after assessing the early impact of PMV actions may be useful to provincial health authorities to perform periodic evaluations in the future.

Prevalencia de anemia en lactantes menores de 6 meses asistidos en un centro de atención primaria de la ciudad de La Plata / Prevalence of anemia in infants under the age of 6 months being treated at a primary care setting in the city of La Plata, Argentina

La anemia es un problema de salud pública que afecta particularmente a los menores de 2 años, con graves consecuencias en el desarrollo psicomotor e intelectual de los niñosy en las capacidades productivas en la adultez.Objetivo. Estudiar la prevalencia de anemia, sus variaciones y los posibles factores asociados en niños menores de 6 meses. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, revisando los registros de controles de salud de 363 niños con edades comprendidas entre 4 y 5 meses de edad completos, asistidos durante 2007-2010. Se analizó la asociación entre anemia (hemoglobina menor10,3 g/dl) y alimentación (amamantamiento exclusivo o alimentación complementaria), tipo de parto y sexo. Se compararon las medias de peso al nacer y la puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla, en niños anémicos contra no anémicos.Resultados. El 28,9 por ciento (105/363) de los niños presentaron anemia y la prevalencia fue significativamente mayor en los varones (38,3 por ciento contra 20,9 por ciento; p= 0,000). No hubo diferencias significativas según el tipo de alimentación y la forma determinación del parto. La media de peso al nacer y de puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla fue significativamente menor en los anémicos contra los no anémicos.Se encontró una disminución significativa de la anemia (de 37,8 por ciento en 2007 a 20,3 por ciento en 2010 en el período estudiado, p= ,012). Conclusión. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 28,9 por ciento y descendió significativamente entre el 2007 y 2010. Fue mayor en varones, en niños nacidos con menor peso y con menores índices antropométricos. Nuestros resultados, aun cuando tienen carácter local, reflejan el alto riesgo nutricional de la población menor de 6 meses.

Prevalencia de anemia en lactantes menores de 6 meses asistidos en un centro de atención primaria de la ciudad de La Plata / Prevalence of anemia in infants under the age of 6 months being treated at a primary care setting in the city of La Plata, Argentina

La anemia es un problema de salud pública que afecta particularmente a los menores de 2 años, con graves consecuencias en el desarrollo psicomotor e intelectual de los niñosy en las capacidades productivas en la adultez.Objetivo. Estudiar la prevalencia de anemia, sus variaciones y los posibles factores asociados en niños menores de 6 meses. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, revisando los registros de controles de salud de 363 niños con edades comprendidas entre 4 y 5 meses de edad completos, asistidos durante 2007-2010. Se analizó la asociación entre anemia (hemoglobina menor10,3 g/dl) y alimentación (amamantamiento exclusivo o alimentación complementaria), tipo de parto y sexo. Se compararon las medias de peso al nacer y la puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla, en niños anémicos contra no anémicos.Resultados. El 28,9 por ciento (105/363) de los niños presentaron anemia y la prevalencia fue significativamente mayor en los varones (38,3 por ciento contra 20,9 por ciento; p= 0,000). No hubo diferencias significativas según el tipo de alimentación y la forma determinación del parto. La media de peso al nacer y de puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla fue significativamente menor en los anémicos contra los no anémicos.Se encontró una disminución significativa de la anemia (de 37,8 por ciento en 2007 a 20,3 por ciento en 2010 en el período estudiado, p= ,012). Conclusión. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 28,9 por ciento y descendió significativamente entre el 2007 y 2010. Fue mayor en varones, en niños nacidos con menor peso y con menores índices antropométricos. Nuestros resultados, aun cuando tienen carácter local, reflejan el alto riesgo nutricional de la población menor de 6 meses.(AU)

Prevalencia de anemia en lactantes menores de 6 meses asistidos en un centro de atención primaria de la ciudad de La Plata / Prevalence of anemia in infants under the age of 6 months being treated at a primary care setting in the city of La Plata, Argentina

La anemia es un problema de salud pública que afecta particularmente a los menores de 2 años, con graves consecuencias en el desarrollo psicomotor e intelectual de los niñosy en las capacidades productivas en la adultez.Objetivo. Estudiar la prevalencia de anemia, sus variaciones y los posibles factores asociados en niños menores de 6 meses. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, revisando los registros de controles de salud de 363 niños con edades comprendidas entre 4 y 5 meses de edad completos, asistidos durante 2007-2010. Se analizó la asociación entre anemia (hemoglobina menor10,3 g/dl) y alimentación (amamantamiento exclusivo o alimentación complementaria), tipo de parto y sexo. Se compararon las medias de peso al nacer y la puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla, en niños anémicos contra no anémicos.Resultados. El 28,9 por ciento (105/363) de los niños presentaron anemia y la prevalencia fue significativamente mayor en los varones (38,3 por ciento contra 20,9 por ciento; p= 0,000). No hubo diferencias significativas según el tipo de alimentación y la forma determinación del parto. La media de peso al nacer y de puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla fue significativamente menor en los anémicos contra los no anémicos.Se encontró una disminución significativa de la anemia (de 37,8 por ciento en 2007 a 20,3 por ciento en 2010 en el período estudiado, p= ,012). Conclusión. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 28,9 por ciento y descendió significativamente entre el 2007 y 2010. Fue mayor en varones, en niños nacidos con menor peso y con menores índices antropométricos. Nuestros resultados, aun cuando tienen carácter local, reflejan el alto riesgo nutricional de la población menor de 6 meses.(AU)

[Prevalence of anemia in infants under the age of 6 months being treated at a primary care setting in the city of La Plata, Argentina]. / Prevalencia de anemia en lactantes menores de 6 meses asistidos en un centro de atención primaria de la ciudad de La Plata.

Introduction. Anemia is a public healthcare problem that particularly affects children under the age of 2 years, with consequences that greatly affect psychomotor and intellectual growth during childhood and productive capacities in adulthood. Objective. To study the prevalence of anemia, its variations and possibly associated factors in children under 6 months of age. Material and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study analyzing health records of 363 children aged 4-5 months assisted in the period 2007-2010. We determined the association of anemia (hemoglobin <10,3 g/dl) with feeding (exclusive breastfeeding and mixed feeding), type of birth and sex. Birth weight means and z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height were compared in anemic versus non-anemic children. Results. Anemia was present in 28.9% (105/363) of children, being its prevalence significantly higher in boys (38.3% versus 20.9%; p= 0.000). There were no significant differences in type of birth or feeding. Mean birth weight and mean z-score for weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height was significantly lower in anemic vs. non-anemic children. We found a significant reduction in anemia (37.8% in 2007 to 20.3% in 2010 during the study period, p= 0.012) Conclusion. The prevalence of anemia was 28.9%; decreased significantly between 2007 and 2010, and represents a serious public healthcare problem. The prevalence was higher in boys, in children with lower birth weight and in those with lower antropometric indices. Our results, even though local, reflect the high nutritional risk of the population under 6 months of age.

Introducción. La anemia es un problema de salud pública que afecta particularmente a los menores de 2 años, con graves consecuencias en el desarrollo psicomotor e intelectual de los niños y en las capacidades productivas en la adultez. Objetivo. Estudiar la prevalencia de anemia, sus variaciones y los posibles factores asociados en niños menores de 6 meses. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, revisando los registros de controles de salud de 363 niños con edades comprendidas entre 4 y 5 meses de edad completos, asistidos durante 2007-2010. Se analizó la asociación entre anemia (hemoglobina <10,3 g/ dl) y alimentación (amamantamiento exclusivo o alimentación complementaria), tipo de parto y sexo. Se compararon las medias de peso al nacer y la puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla, en niños anémicos contra no anémicos. Resultados. El 28,9% (105/363) de los niños presentaron anemia y la prevalencia fue significativamente mayor en los varones (38,3% contra 20,9%; p= 0,000). No hubo diferencias significativas según el tipo de alimentación y la forma de terminación del parto. La media de peso al nacer y de puntuación z de peso para edad, talla para edad y peso para talla fue significativamente menor en los anémicos contra los no anémicos. Se encontró una disminución significativa de la anemia (de 37,8% en 2007 a 20,3% en 2010 en el período estudiado, p= 0,012). Conclusión. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 28,9% y descendió significativamente entre el 2007 y 2010. Fue mayor en varones, en niños nacidos con menor peso y con menores índices antropométricos. Nuestros resultados, aun cuando tienen carácter local, reflejan el alto riesgo nutricional de la población menor de 6 meses.

Intestinal parasitoses in suburban and rural school children in Argentina

Neste trabalho, são apresentados os resultados da primeira etapa do Programa de controle de doençasparasitárias intestinais e nutrição (PROCOPIN) e comparadas as condições de saúde pública e os hábitos associados a parasitos intestinais em crianças de zona suburbana (SC) e de zona rural (SR) na Argentina. Recolheu-se informação pessoal e sobre as condições de saúde pública. Foram realizados exames parasitológicos de fezes e de esfregaço perianal com gazes seriados. Foram examinadas 465 SC e 251 RC, entre as quais se encontraram os seguintes índices de infecção: em SC, 39,1por cento e em RC, 31,1por cento, sendo p igual 0,032. Os parasitos mais frequentes em ambas as localizações foram: Blastocystis hominis, Enterobius vermicularis e Giardia intestinalis. Más condições de saúde pública nas casas de SC não constituíram fator de risco de a criança ser parasitada, o que sugereque a transmissão desses parasitos não ocorre na casa, mas, provavelmente, em escolas, clubes ou outras áreas de recreação que congregam grande número de crianças. Entre as RC, condições de saúde pública dentro ou no entorno da casa apareceram como fator de risco, indicando que é principalmente ali onde ocorre a transmissão do parasito. Portanto, o comportamento social das crianças, as condições da saúde pública e os hábitos de higiene das populações devem ser vistoscomo fatores de risco para a parasitose.

Calcium supplementation, bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers during the 6-month postpartum period

We determined the effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) and identified predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers 6 months postpartum. A prospective, analytical, clinical study was performed in adolescent mothers (≤19 years old; n=37) from La Plata, Argentina. At 15 days postpartum, mothers were randomly assigned into one of two groups and started with calcium supplementation; one group received dairy products (932 mg Ca; n=19) and the other calcium citrate tablets (1000 mg calcium/day; n=18). Weight, height and dietary intake were measured and BMD was determined by DEXA at 15 days (baseline) and 6 months postpartum. BMC, total body BMD and BMD were assessed in lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter and total hip. Regression models were used to identify the relationship of total body BMD and BMC with independent variables (calcium supplementation, months of lactation, weight at 6 months, percent weight change, lean mass at 6 months, percent lean mass change, total calcium intake). Results showed that changes in BMD and BMC at the different sites were similar in both groups, and changes in percent body weight and total calcium intake were the main predictive factors. In conclusion, the effect of calcium was similar with either form of supplementation, i.e., dairy products or tablets, and changes in percent body weight and total calcium intake were predictors of total body BMD and BMC changes.

Suplementación con calcio, densidad mineral ósea y contenido mineral óseo. Predictores de cambios en la masa ósea en madres adolescentes a los 6 meses postparto. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de dos formas de suplementare calcio sobre la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y el contenido mineral óseo (CMO), e identificar predictores de cambios en la masa ósea en madres adolescentes a los 6 meses postparto. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, analítico y clínico en madres adolescentes (≤19 años; n=37) de la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina. A partir de los 15 días postparto, las adolescentes fueron distribuidas al azar en 2 grupos y comenzaron con la suplementación con calcio; un grupo recibió productos lácteos (932 mg Ca; n=19) y el otro citrato de calcio (1000 mg calcio/día; n=18). Se midió peso, altura y consumo de alimentos y se determinó la DMO por DEXA a los 15 días (línea de base) y a los 6 meses postparto. También se determinó CMO, DMO corporal total y DMO de columna lumbar, cuello femoral, trocánter y cadera total. Se usaron modelos de regresión para identificar relaciones entre DMO corporal total y CMO con variables independientes (tipo de suplementación, meses de lactancia, peso a los 6 meses, porcentaje de cambio de peso, masa magra a los 6 meses, porcentaje de cambio de masa magra, consumo total de calcio). Los resultados muestran que los cambios en DMO y CMO en los distintos sitios fueron similares en ambos grupos, y que los cambios en los porcentajes de peso corporal e ingesta total de calcio fueron los principales factores predictivos. En conclusión, el efecto del calcio fue similar tanto con productos lácteos como con comprimidos. Los cambios porcentuales en peso corporal e ingesta total de calcio resultaron factores predictivos de los cambios de la DMO corporal total y el CMO.

Calcium supplementation, bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers during the 6-month postpartum period.

We determined the effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) and identified predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers 6 months postpartum. A prospective, analytical, clinical study was performed in adolescent mothers (< or = 19 years old; n = 37) from La Plata, Argentina. At 15 days postpartum, mothers were randomly assigned into one of two groups and started with calcium supplementation; one group received dairy products (932 mg Ca; n = 19) and the other calcium citrate tablets (1000 mg calcium/day; n = 18). Weight, height and dietary intake were measured and BMD was determined by DEXA at 15 days (baseline) and 6 months postpartum. BMC, total body BMD and BMD were assessed in lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter and total hip. Regression models were used to identify the relationship of total body BMD and BMC with independent variables (calcium supplementation, months of lactation, weight at 6 months, percent weight change, lean mass at 6 months, percent lean mass change, total calcium intake). Results showed that changes in BMD and BMC at the different sites were similar in both groups, and changes in percent body weight and total calcium intake were the main predictive factors. In conclusion, the effect of calcium was similar with either form of supplementation, i.e., dairy products or tablets, and changes in percent body weight and total calcium intake were predictors of total body BMD and BMC changes.